power systems loss

IEEE STD 62-1995: GUIDE FOR DIAGNOSTIC FIELD TESTING OF ELECTRIC POWER APPARATUS-PART 1: OIL FILLED POWER TRANSFORMERS, REGULATORS, AND REACTORS Majority of the power transformers used by electric utilities are oil-filled including regulators and reactors. Since it is important to have these power apparatus in their top performance, it is therefore imperative to keep its reliability and useful life to the maximum. The early detection of possible defects is very important in this nature of operation. One way of keeping this requirement met is through regular diagnostic evaluation. By testing and measurements, maintenance engineers can be able to know the present condition of these electrical apparatus. However, in order for them to have a reference point they should first establish a benchmark values that future results could be compared to. With these values a clear evaluation can be obtained and to know how the apparatus is doing. Usually this benchmark value is from the first measure...

POWER TRANSFORMER MAINTENANCE AND ACCEPTANCE TESTING PDF This manual contains a generalized overview of the fundamentals of transformer theory and operation. The transformer is one of the most reliable pieces of electrical distribution equipment. It has no moving parts, requires minimal maintenance, and is capable of withstanding overloads, surges, faults, and physical abuse that may damage or destroy other items in the circuit. Often, the electrical event that burns up a motor, opens a circuit breaker, or blows a fuse has a subtle effect on the transformer. Although the transformer may continue to operate as before, repeat occurrences of such damaging electrical events, or lack of even minimal maintenance can greatly accelerate the evenhml failure of the transformer. The fact that a transformer continues to operate satisfactorily in spite of neglect and abuse is a testament to its durability. However, this durability is no excuse for not providing the proper care. Most of the corr...

TRANSFORMER TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS Previously, we have discussed that a Power Transformer is the biggest, heaviest and the most expensive piece of equipment that can be found in a substation. Furthermore, the role it plays in the system is also very important that an electric utility can not afford to loss it during its operation. Proper care and maintenance are always carefully observed to ensure that a power transformer is in its top performance. Making sure that it performs well is a priority in every electric distribution utility much more to a commercial company that depends on electric power for its production and a loss of power means also a loss of revenue. To make sure that a transformer is doing its expected performance and future failures could be avoided, tests and measurements are periodically exercised to know whether the said transformer is doing fine or will it need to be replaced. Due to the complexity of the transformer’s construction and operation, plenty of tests ...

If your wondering how in the actual practice did they come up with the transformer's Core and Copper loss, the simple answer to that is through transformer test. The two known test that are used to find this intrinsic property of a transformer is the Open-Circuit test and the Short-Circuit Test. In an Open-Circuit Test (OCT) or (No Load Test). the purpose of this test is to determine the CORE loss. While in a Short-Circuit Test (SCT), the purpose of this test is to determine the equivalent impedance, equivalent reactance, equivalent resistance in which the measuring instruments are connected and to determine the full-load or rated Copper loss. For a detailed discussion regarding the topic of transformer test, click the link below. TRANSFORMER TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS