power systems loss

Author: Sarang Pande and Prof. Dr. J.G. Ghodekar ABSTRACT: Power system losses can be divided into two categories: technical losses and non-technical losses. Technical losses are naturally occurring losses (caused by actions internal to the power system) and consist mainly of power dissipation in electrical system components such as transmission lines, power transformers, measurement systems, etc. Technical losses result from the impedance of the network components such as electric lines/ cables, transformers, metering and protecting equipment etc. Non-technical losses, on the other hand, are caused by theft, metering inaccuracies. In this paper a method for energy loss calculation is presented.

Authored by: N. Rugthaicharoencheep and S. Sirisumrannukul Unbalanced loading in electrical networks creates higher losses compared to balanced lines having the same loads. Reconfiguring the set up of the loads reduces the line losses not only to its phase conductors but also to the neutral wire for four-wire system.

Authored by: Dickson K. Chembe, Member, IAENG   Power loss reduction through load balancing serves as an effective and efficient way of reducing loss in power networks. Also, among all the methods identified in reducing power loss this can be considered as the cheapest since this method only requires proper planning and strategy.

Authored by: C.H. Lin, C. S. Chen, M. S. Kang, T.T. Ku, J.S. Huang, Z.S. Chiou, and C.W. Huang ABSTRACT --A systematic procedure is proposed to study the effect to temperature change to distribution feeder load profiles and losses by using the typical load patterns of customer classes. The database of an automated mapping/facility management (AM/FM) system is used to retrieve the component attributes and the topology process is executed to determine the electrical network configuration and the customers served by each distribution transformer.

Authored by: Alicia Valero Masa, Jean-Claude Maun, Stefan Werben ABSTRACT High Impedance Fault (HIF) detection is increasingly a concern of distribution network protection engineers. Practical methods to deal with HIFs are in great demand in the USA, where HIFs are not detected by conventional protection devices. The lack of a globally accepted description of HIFs is a difficulty for HIF detection. In the effort to understand and explain HIFs, we have carried out a theoretical study, simulations, laboratory tests, and studied field recordings. To study the influence of factors affecting HIFs, we have developed an Alternative Transients Program (ATP) simulation model and designed laboratory tests. HIF field recordings provided by Iberdrola Distribución Eléctrica S.A.U. validate the findings. In this paper, we present a  HIF characterization to improve HIF detection. This accurate characterization of HIFs allows us to develop a pattern recognition method to detect HIFs.

Authored by: Ms.Priya S.Kamble and Ms.Sonali T.Bodkhe ABSTRACT This paper elucidates a current measurement method for wide range residual current measurement. The paper discusses Automated Meter Reading , a technology used to automate the task of reading consumption records of subscribers. The problem is first defined in terms of Utilities, critical infrastructure needs, revenue protection and operational efficiencies. Various drivers as well as impediments within such scopes are the defined. Moreover, different technologies proposed and implemented are discussed. The paper concludes by capturing the conclusions obtained and suggestions for further improvements of such technologies for future applications.

Authored by: S K DASSSR.MANAGER ENFORCEMENT NDPL. INTRODUCTION NDPL is the first one in India to implement AMR on such a large scale. We are having all HT CT meters and all LT CT meters being read with AMR . This technology is used by NDPL to streamline billing process and theft detection.

Guidebook prepared by International Institute for Energy Conservation (IIEC) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The International Institute for Energy Conservation (IIEC) has developed this Guidebook as part of the Pacific Island Demand-Side Management (DSM) initiative, a programme funded by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA). The purpose of this Guidebook is to facilitate the development, financing and implementation of Demand-Side Management (DSM) projects in the Pacific Island Countries (PICs), by providing guidelines for DSM programme development and documented international DSM case studies. This Guidebook introduces the DSM concepts, gives the reader a perspective on the DSM opportunities in the PICs and provides a compendium of case studies from different sectors and countries and a proposed methodology for implementation of DSM in the Pacific Island utilities.

Authored by: Thomas B. Smith ABSTRACT Electricity theft can be in the form of fraud (meter tampering), stealing (illegal connections), billing irregularities, and unpaid bills. Estimates of the extent of electricity theft in a sample of 102 countries for 1980 and 2000 are undertaken. The evidence shows that theft is increasing in most regions of the world. The financial impacts of theft are reduced income from the sale of electricity and the necessity to charge more to consumers. Electricity theft is closely related to governance indicators, with higher levels of theft in countries without effective accountability, political instability, low government effectiveness and high levels of corruption. Electricity theft can be reduced by applying technical solutions such as tamper-proof meters, managerial methods such as inspection and monitoring, and in some cases restructuring power systems ownership and regulation.

Authored by: Puthireddy Umapathi Reddy*, Sirigiri Sivanagaraju, Prabandhamkam Sangameswararaju ABSTRACT In rural power systems, the Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVRs) help to reduce energy loss and to improve the power quality of electric utilities, compensating the voltage drops through distribution lines. This paper presents selection of optimal location and selection of tap setting for voltage regulators in Unbalanced Radial Distribution Systems (URDS). PSO is used for selecting the voltage regulator tap position in an unbalanced radial distribution system. An algorithm makes the initial selection, installation and tap position setting of the voltage regulators to provide a good voltage profile and to minimize power loss along the distribution network. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated on a test system of 25 bus unbalanced radial distribution systems.

Authored by: Hari Kumar Naidu and K.Thanushkodi ABSTRACT- The IT revolution has encompassed within its realm the electrical power sectorby the application of Intelligence in Metering, Protection, Monitoring andControl.The amalgamation of communication and IT has made it possible for aReal time IT systems to monitor and control, from a central place, by SCADAfor the operation of Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution.A hierarchical structure exists in the transmission and distribution ofpower since the power is received at a high voltage level in a substation anddelivered to a load center through another substation at reduced voltage level.These substations are being transformed from hardwired configurations to anetworked platform by leveraging the technological advancements. Thetechnological transformations have brought within its purview ComprehensiveAutomation of Substation.This paper brings out the current trend in communication & systems inSubstation Automation

Brief History of SCADA system from various on-line sources and links Below are some of the articles which talks about the brief history and development of SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) system.  These articles would be a great help for those who wants to know how and when SCADA system originated.

Authored by: MARINA YUSOFF*, ASNAWI BUSRAH*, MALIK MOHAMAD*, MAU TENG AU** Abstract: - This paper presents an approach to estimate technical losses in utility’s distribution network based on feeder’s load profile and characteristics, such as such as length, peak demand to installed capacity ratio, and load distribution profile. The developed methodology is implemented in spread sheets format, which is simple and user friendly. It requires minimum set of input data, while giving reasonably accurate results. The approach is tested on a real TNB distribution network and the results are reasonably accurate. Additionally, the spread sheet developed based on the methodology could also be used to perform various energy auditing exercises.

A technical paper completed by Juan Carlos Olivares, Member, IEEE, Yilu Liu, Senior Member, IEEE, Jose M. Cañedo, Member, IEEE,Rafael Escarela-Pérez, Member, IEEE, Johan Driesen, Member, IEEE, and Pablo Moreno, Member, IEEE ABSTRACT This paper examines three methods of reducing distribution transformer losses . The first method analyzes the effects of using aluminum electromagnetic shields in a distribution transformer. The goal of placing electromagnetic shields in the distribution-transformer tank walls is to reduce the stray losses. A 500-kVA shell-type transformer was used in the experiments.

Completed and Authored by: Chetan C. Adalja M.L. Jain, Technology Department, EMCO Limited, Thane India INTRODUCTION The stray losses in a transformer comprise winding stray losses, viz. eddy loss and circulating current loss; the loss in the edge stack (smallest packet of the core limb); and the loss in structural parts, viz. frame, flitch plate and tank. Core loss at the impedance voltage being insignificantly low, is not considered in the present analysis. In case of large generator transformers, stray losses due to high current carrying leads also become significant.

(From npsc2010.uceou.edu ) The performance of transformer, the most ancient power system static element, is affected due to presence of distortion in the input supply voltage and non-linearity in the load current. Due to extensive use of modern power electronics controlled devices, the degree of non-linearity in the load current has increased in recent years. 

(From http://www.metglas.com/ ) Metal alloys typically possess crystalline atomic structures in which individual atoms are arranged in ordered, repeating patterns. Amorphous-metal alloys differ from their crystalline counterparts in that they consist of atoms arranged in near random configurations devoid of long-range order.