power systems loss

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION FROM RUS BULLETIN 1724E-300 What is Substation Automation in the Electrical Power System? Substation automation is the use of state-of-the-art computers, communications, and networking equipment to optimize substation operations and to facilitate remote monitoring and control of substations cost effectively. Substation automation uses intelligent electronic devices in the substation to provide enhanced integrated and coordinated monitoring and control capabilities. Substation automation may include traditional SCADA equipment, but more often encompasses traditional SCADA functionality while providing extended monitoring and control capabilities through the use of non-traditional system elements. In the traditional SCADA system (legacy system), a host computer system (master station) located at the energy control center communicates with remote terminal units located in the substations. RTUs are traditionally “dumb” (non-intelligent) devices with very limited...

SUBSTATION WITH POWER TRANSFORMER A substation in a power system is the one that usually houses the Power transformer. This is also the place where the transformation of voltage occurs. Power transformers found in substations may be either autotransformers or multi-winding conventional transformers. A three-phase installation may consist of a three-phase unit or three single-phase units. The decision as to what type of transformer to purchase depends on such factors as initial installed cost, maintenance costs, operating cost (efficiency), reliability, etc. Three-phase units have lower construction and maintenance costs and can be built to the same efficiency ratings as single-phase units. The initial cost of a three-phase transformer is usually approximately one-third less than four single-phase units. Additionally, the exposure of three-phase units to long outages can be minimized system-wide when a mobile substation or transformer is available for backup in case of failure. RUS Bul...