power systems loss

(SCADA) COMMUNICATION AND CONTROL IN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS FREE EBOOK DOWNLOAD Authored by: M. Shahidehpour, Yaoyu Wang  The first extensive reference on these important techniques The restructuring of the electric utility industry has created the need for a mechanism that can effectively coordinate the various entities in a power market, enabling them to communicate efficiently and perform at an optimal level. Communication and Control in Electric Power Systems, the first resource to address its subject in an extended format, introduces parallel and distributed processing techniques as a compelling solution to this critical problem. Drawing on their years of experience in the industry, Mohammad Shahidehpour and Yaoyu Wang deliver comprehensive coverage of parallel and distributed processing techniques with a focus on power system optimization, control, and communication. The authors begin with theoretical background and an overview of the increasingly deregulated power marke...

Authored by: Hari Kumar Naidu and K.Thanushkodi ABSTRACT- The IT revolution has encompassed within its realm the electrical power sectorby the application of Intelligence in Metering, Protection, Monitoring andControl.The amalgamation of communication and IT has made it possible for aReal time IT systems to monitor and control, from a central place, by SCADAfor the operation of Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution.A hierarchical structure exists in the transmission and distribution ofpower since the power is received at a high voltage level in a substation anddelivered to a load center through another substation at reduced voltage level.These substations are being transformed from hardwired configurations to anetworked platform by leveraging the technological advancements. Thetechnological transformations have brought within its purview ComprehensiveAutomation of Substation.This paper brings out the current trend in communication & systems inSubstation Automation...

SCADA SYSTEM CYBER SECURITY – A COMPARISON OF STANDARDS TECHNICAL PAPER Authored by: Teodor Sommestad, Göran N. Ericsson, Senior Member, IEEE, Jakob Nordlander ABSTRACT - Cyber security of Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems has become very important. SCADA systems are vital for operation and control of critical infrastructures, such as the electrical power system. Therefore, a number of standards and guidelines have been developed to support electric power utilities in their cyber security efforts. This paper compares different SCADA cyber security standards and guidelines with respect to threats and countermeasures they describe. Also, a comparison with the international standard ISO/IEC 17799 (now ISO/IEC 27002) is made. The method used is based on a comparison of use of certain key issues in the standards, after being grouped into different categories. The occurrences of the key issues are counted and comparisons are made. It is concluded that SCADA specific ...

(SCADA APPLICATION) REAL TIME DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS FOR ELECTRIC UTILITIES TECHNICAL PAPER Authored by: Jim See, Wayne Carr, P.E., Member, IEEE, and Steven E. Collier, Member, IEEE ABSTRACT — Electric utilities are finding it increasingly necessary to better monitor, analyze and control their distribution systems. Planning and operation of the grid is increasing in complexity on one hand but subject to ever more binding constraints on the other. Real-time analysis is being seen as necessary to achieve acceptable operational efficiencies and quality of service. Real-time analysis is the combination of computerized circuit analysis with measured real-time inputs (voltage and current into the grid) and outputs (customer consumption) to determine the actual and likely near-term voltages and power flows throughout the transmission and distribution grid. With appropriate analytical tools, display options, and control systems, real-time analysis will allow utilities to actively manage the g...

SCADA SYSTEM SECURITY ISSUES What are some of the security issues that scada system has? (source: Wikipedia) The move from proprietary technologies to more standardized and open solutions together with the increased number of connections between SCADA systems and office networks and the Internet has made them more vulnerable to attacks—see references. Consequently, the security of some SCADA-based systems has come into question as they are seen as potentially vulnerable to cyber-attacks. In particular, security researchers are concerned about: • the lack of concern about security and authentication in the design, deployment and operation of some existing SCADA networks • the belief that SCADA systems have the benefit of security through obscurity through the use of specialized protocols and proprietary interfaces • the belief that SCADA networks are secure because they are physically secured • the belief that SCADA networks are secure because they are disconn...

Brief History of SCADA system from various on-line sources and links Below are some of the articles which talks about the brief history and development of SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) system.  These articles would be a great help for those who wants to know how and when SCADA system originated.

STANDARD ORGANIZATIONS FOR SCADA SYSTEM GUIDE Organization body that standardized the use of SCADA system There are many organizations involved in the standardization of SCADA systems. This section details some of these organizations and the roles they play. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) The IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) is a membership organization that produces Electrical and IT-Related standards that are used internationally. The IEEE has been involved in standardizing technologies for many years. The following standards have been published by the IEEE with respect to SCADA systems: • IEEE Std 999-1992 – IEEE Recommended Practice for Master/Remote Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Communications. This recommended practice applies to the use of serial digital transmissions by supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems having geographically dispersed terminals. These types of systems typically utilize dedicated c...

SCADA SYSTEM PROTOCOLS What are the different protocols in using the SCADA system? In a SCADA system, the RTU accepts commands to operate control points, sets analog output levels, and responds to requests. It provides status, analog and accumulated data to the SCADA master station. The data representations sent are not identified in any fashion other than by unique addressing. The addressing is designed to correlate with the SCADA master station database. The RTU has no knowledge of which unique parameters it is monitoring in the real world. It simply monitors certain points and stores the information in a local addressing scheme. The SCADA master station is the part of the system that should “know” that the first status point of RTU number 27 is the status of a certain circuit breaker of a given substation. This represents the predominant SCADA systems and protocols in use in the utility industry today. Each protocol consists of two message sets or pairs. One set forms the maste...

SCADA SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDURES What are the different ways in implementing the SCADA system? There are many different ways in which SCADA systems can be implemented. Before a SCADA or any other system is rolled out, you need to determine what function the system will perform. Depending on whether you are a utility company or a telecommunications provider, you have a number of options in creating your systems. There may be a need to employ different methods that are complimentary to each other. The way in which SCADA systems are connected can range from fiber optic cable to the use of satellite systems. The following sections will present some of the common ways in which SCADA systems are deployed. Twisted-Pair Metallic Cable Twisted-pair telecommunications cable is the most popular medium used by utilities and has existed in its present form for many years. The cables are essentially the same as those used by the Telephone Company and contain a number of pairs of conductor...

SCADA ARCHITECTURES: NETWORKED SYSTEM What is a SCADA third generation system known as networked system use for? SCADA systems have evolved in parallel with the growth and sophistication of modern computing technology. The following sections will provide a description of the following three generations of SCADA systems: • First Generation – Monolithic • Second Generation – Distributed • Third Generation – Networked Networked SCADA Systems The current generation of SCADA master station architecture is closely related to that of the second generation, with the primary difference being that of an open system architecture rather than a vendor controlled, proprietary environment. There are still multiple networked systems, sharing master station functions. There are still RTUs utilizing protocols that are vendor-proprietary. The major improvement in the third generation is that of opening the system architecture, utilizing open standards and protocols and making it possible to distri...

SCADA ARCHITECTURES: DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM What is a SCADA second generation system known as distributed system use for? SCADA systems have evolved in parallel with the growth and sophistication of modern computing technology. The following sections will provide a description of the following three generations of SCADA systems: • First Generation – Monolithic • Second Generation – Distributed • Third Generation – Networked Distributed SCADA Systems The next generation of SCADA systems took advantage of developments and improvement in system miniaturization and Local Area Networking (LAN) technology to distribute the processing across multiple systems. Multiple stations, each with a specific function, were connected to a LAN and shared information with each other in real-time. These stations were typically of the mini-computer class, smaller and less expensive than their first generation processors. Some of these distributed stations served as communications processors, primarily c...

SCADA ARCHITECTURES: MONOLITHIC SYSTEM What is a SCADA first generation system known as Monolithic system use for? SCADA systems have evolved in parallel with the growth and sophistication of modern computing technology. The following sections will provide a description of the following three generations of SCADA systems: • First Generation – Monolithic • Second Generation – Distributed • Third Generation – Networked Monolithic SCADA Systems When SCADA systems were first developed, the concept of computing in general centered on “mainframe” systems. Networks were generally non-existent, and each centralized system stood alone. As a result, SCADA systems were standalone systems with virtually no connectivity to other systems. The Wide Area Networks (WANs) that were implemented to communicate with remote terminal units (RTUs) were designed with a single purpose in mind–that of communicating with RTUs in the field and nothing else. In addition, WAN protocols in use today were larg...

SCADA OPERATOR WORKSTATION AND SOFTWARE COMPONENTS What are the roles of an operator workstation in a SCADA system? Operator workstations are most often computer terminals that are networked with the SCADA central host computer. The central host computer acts as a server for the SCADA application, and the operator terminals are clients that request and send information to the central host computer based on the request and action of the operators. An important aspect of every SCADA system is the computer software used within the system. The most obvious software component is the operator interface or Man Machine Interface/Human Machine Interface (MMI/HMI) package; however, software of some form pervades all levels of a SCADA system. Depending on the size and nature of the SCADA application, software can be a significant cost item when developing, maintaining, and expanding a SCADA system. When software is well defined, designed, written, checked, and tested, a successful SCADA system...

SCADA CENTRAL HOST COMPUTERS What are the roles of a central host computer in a SCADA system? The central host computer or master station is most often a single computer or a network of computer servers that provide a man-machine operator interface to the SCADA system. The computers process the information received from and sent to the RTU sites and present it to human operators in a form that the operators can work with. Operator terminals are connected to the central host computer by a LAN/WAN so that the viewing screens and associated data can be displayed for the operators. Recent SCADA systems are able to offer high resolution computer graphics to display a graphical user interface or mimic screen of the site or water supply network in question. Historically, SCADA vendors offered proprietary hardware, operating systems, and software that was largely incompatible with other vendors' SCADA systems. Expanding the system required a further contract with the original SCADA ve...

SCADA COMMUNICATION NETWORKS What are the communication networks that SCADA uses for data transfer? The communications network is intended to provide the means by which data can be transferred between the central host computer servers and the field-based RTUs. The Communication Network refers to the equipment needed to transfer data to and from different sites. The medium used can either be cable, telephone or radio. The use of cable is usually implemented in a factory. This is not practical for systems covering large geographical areas because of the high cost of the cables, conduits and the extensive labor in installing them. The use of telephone lines (i.e., leased or dial-up) is a more economical solution for systems with large coverage. The leased line is used for systems requiring on-line connection with the remote stations. This is expensive since one telephone line will be needed per site. Dial-up lines can be used on systems requiring updates at regular intervals (e.g., hou...

SCADA DEVICES FOR FIELD DATA INTERFACE Devices that serves as the eyes and ears for SCADA system Field data interface devices form the "eyes and ears" of a SCADA system. Devices such as reservoir level meters, water flow meters, valve position transmitters, temperature transmitters, power consumption meters, and pressure meters all provide information that can tell an experienced operator how well a water distribution system is performing. In addition, equipment such as electric valve actuators, motor control switchboards, and electronic chemical dosing facilities can be used to form the "hands" of the SCADA system and assist in automating the process of distributing water. However, before any automation or remote monitoring can be achieved, the information that is passed to and from the field data interface devices must be converted to a form that is compatible with the language of the SCADA system. To achieve this, some form of electronic field data interface ...

BASIC SCADA: SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM TUTORIALS Basic discussion on SCADA system in electrical utilities for automation Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition or known for the acronym of SCADA is a communication system that is used to monitor and control an industrial plant or equipment in industries such as telecommunications, water and waste control, power system, oil and gas refining and transportation. These systems encompass the transfer of data between a SCADA central host computer and a number of Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) and/or Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), and the central host and the operator terminals. A SCADA system gathers information (such as what is the current status of a feeder in an electrical substation), transfers the information back to a central site, then alerts the home station that a feeder tripping occurred in a substation, carrying out necessary analysis and control, such as determining if the tripping is momentary, an...

SCADA FOR POWER SYSTEM’S LOSS MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT Guides in monitoring technical losses using SCADA system in electrical power system. SCADA or Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System have been very useful not only in electric industry application but also to any industry that requires remote monitoring and management. The evolution of SCADA system has been very extensive and its technological and software advancements became mostly reliable and stable. We will discuss the specifics of the SCADA system in the later topics which will include its history, developments, purpose, and many other topics that involves the said system. The application of SCADA rely mostly on communication subjects, however, electrical experts invests a huge amount time in maximizing the use of this system since electrical engineers and analysts depends so much in the information that SCADA can gather. For those of us who are not that familiar with SCADA, Supervisory Control And Data Acquisi...

BREAKING DOWN SYSTEM’S LOSS COMPONENTS TUTORIALS How Electric Utilities Compute for the overall system’s loss value? We have discussed in our previous topics the main components in computing for the system’s loss of a typical electric utility namely the Purchased, Sold and Company use kilowatt-hours. The main principle behind the determination of system’s loss revolves mainly in the amount of unaccounted kilowatt-hour loss in comparison to the total kilowatt-hour purchased. Electric Utilities system’s loss differs from one another due to the reason that each utility possesses a unique network of electrical system. Some may have a dense loading profile while others may have relatively scattered loads. The usual reason why some utilities have higher line loss can be explained by the presence of over-extended lines just in order to serve customers in the remote area. Most electric utilities/cooperatives are supplied with electricity from more than one source to ensure rel...

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