power systems loss

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING KNOW IT ALL EBOOK DOWNLOAD Authored by: Clive Maxfield, John Bird The Newnes Know It All Series takes the best of what our authors have written to create hard-working desk references that will be an engineer's first port of call for key information, design techniques and rules of thumb. Guaranteed not to gather dust on a shelf! The Electrical Engineering know it all covers the essential areas of electrical engineering, it is more practical than most of the large EE "handbooks," offering tips, tools of the trade, design and applications information along with summarized theory, equations and formulas that are normally found in such books. Contents: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Electric Circuits Chapter 2 Resistance and Resistivity Chapter 3 Series and parallel networks Chapter 4 Capacitors and Inductors Chapter 5 D.c. circuit theory Chapter 6 Alternating voltages and currents Chapter 7 Complex Numbers Chapter 8 Transients and Laplace transforms Ch

STANDARD HANDBOOK FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING EBOOK DOWNLOAD Authored by: H. Wayne Beaty, Donald G. Fink The Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers has served the EE field for nearly a century. Originally published in 1907, through 14 previous editions it has been a required resource for students and professionals. This new 15th edition features new material focusing on power generation and power systems operation – two longstanding strengths of the handbook that have recently become front-burner technology issues. At the same time, the entire format of the handbook will be streamlined, removing archaic sections and providing a quick, easy look-up experience. DOWNLOAD

How does a three-phase kilowatt-hour meter being connected to its distribution transformers? As promised, here are the different illustrations of how various three-phase electric kwhr meters type are wired correspoding to its transformer-bank configurations. A simple electrical schematic showing the transformer configuration in its meter type connection will be carefully illustrated below;

How does a three-phase kilowatt-hour meter being connected to its distribution transformers? As promised, here are the different illustrations of how various three-phase electric kwhr meters type are wired correspoding to its transformer-bank configurations. A simple electrical schematic showing the transformer configuration in its meter type connection will be carefully illustrated below;

How does single-phase kilowatt-hour meter being connected to its distribution transformers? As promised, here are the different illustrations of how various electric kwhr meters type are wired correspoding to its transformer configurations. A simple electrical schematic showing the transformer configuration in its meter type connection will be carefully illustrated below;

METER TYPE FORMS FOR VARIOUS TRANSFORMER CONFIGURATIONS What are the meters used for single phase and three-phase transformer configuration? In any distribution utility, the type of loads varies significantly. Some loads are supplied through single phase transformers, some through three phase transformers, some also utilizes line to ground configuration while others line to line configurations. Correspondingly, the above mentioned configurations also require specific type of metering which should be compatible to the type of connections used. Found below are some of the common transformer configurations that an electric utility use in its distribution system. Different type of configuration requires each own type of metering standards. Transformer configuration Two-wire (2W) single phase transformer • A single phase transformer with line to ground service configuration. Three-wire (3W) single phase transformer • A single phase transformer which service configuration has center tap

What are the basic parts of an electro-mechanical meter? Construction A typical electro-mechanical/ induction type wattmeter is made up of the following; an aluminium disc mounted on a spindle, a current coil and a voltage coil, a permanent magnet and a counter.  The current coil is connected in series with the load and the voltage coil connected across the supply.

What is an electro-mechanical meter principle of operation? In any electric distribution utility, energy is measured by means of the energy meter (watt-hour-meter) in most cases.  Energy meter which is an integrating instrument accounts the two main factors needed to measure energy, electrical quantities (v, i,) and time(t). The main principle used in watt-hour meters is the “Ferrari Principle”  formulated in 1884 while the induction watt-hour meters later was invented during 1889. An electromechanical / induction-type energy meter, the most widely used energy meter in most utilities, for over a century, works on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is acted on by a magnetic field, the force which it experiences is proportional to the current and the field. It was previously discussed that the operating principles of a watt-hour meter is mainly based on four major systems; the driving, moving, braking and registering. • Driving system consisting of two elec

READING ELECTRIC KWHR METER REGISTER TUTORIALS How to read an electro-mechanical kilowatt-hour meter? The revenue an electric utility company greatly depends on the competency of its meter reader. Although misreading of kilo-watt hour meters by meter readers is not a serious issue especially on residential and other typical energy meter since it can be corrected once the succeeding reading is done. However, misreading of meters in demand meters poses a great risk since this is where big consumers belong. Demand meters read the maximum kilowatt demand that the user reached during the month and are billed accordingly. If a demand meter is misread as lower than the true reading, the error can never be corrected because the register is reset after the reading is taken. This tutorial will be first discussing the basics in reading electric meters especially with electro-mechanical type. Usually, two kinds of meter exist in a utility which is a dial type and a digital type meter register

Types of circuit connections for wattmeter circuits for different kinds of phases. Wattmeter calibration can be best checked on direct current by using normal potentiometer techniques to measure current supplied to the field coils and voltage supplied to the voltage circuit from independent sources, but with an electrostatic tie (a high resistance) between one current terminal and the terminal at the moving-coil end of the voltage circuit to avoid errors from electrostatic forces between fixed and moving coils.

What are the factors considered in understanding the operating principles of a watt-hour meter? GENERAL. For the sake of simplicity, the discussion in this section will be mainly based on a single-element (singlephase) meter. Two- and three-element meters are simply two or three single elements having a common shaft and register, which serve to totalize the energy measured by each element.

What are the common constants used in electricity metering? The following definitions of various meter constants are taken from the Code for Electricity Metering, 6th edition, ANSI C12. Register constant Kr – is the factor by which the register reading must be multiplied in order to provide proper consideration of the register or gear ratio and of the instrument-transformer ratios to obtain the registration in the desired units.

What are the common causes of errors in watt-hour metering? The following ranges, based on reclamation standard, should be the main basis in which the meters should be adjusted. Meter accuracy is very important in watt-hour meter since these meters should be a precise instrument that should capable of adjusting within very close limits and with regular servicing maintaining its accuracy indefinitely;

POWER MEASUREMENT ACCURACY IN WATTMETERS Some factors considered in wattmeter accuracy equipment? Electronic wattmeter of 0.1% or better accuracy may be based on a pulse-area principle. Voltages proportional to the applied voltage and to the current (derived from resistors or transformers) govern the height and width of a rectangular pulse so that the area is proportional to the instantaneous power. This is repeated many times during a cycle, and its average represents active power. Average power also can be measured by a system which samples instantaneous voltage and current repeatedly, predetermined intervals within a cycle. Laboratory-standard wattmeters use an electro-dynamic mechanism and are in the 0.1% accuracy class for dc and for ac up to 133Hz. This accuracy can be maintained up to 1 kHz or more. Such instruments are shielded from the effects of external magnetic fields by enclosing the coil system in a laminated iron cylinder. Instruments having current ranges to 10A and

Continuation of the types of meter related problems which causes power loss. Misrecorded Meter Multipliers One serious problem that sometimes occurs on metering and billing systems is that the meter multiplier is not properly recorded by the billing system. For example, if the correct multiplier is 120 and the billing system has it recorded as 80, both demand and energy billings for the involved consumer will be only two-thirds of the correct amount. Furthermore, this error will not be a one-time occurrence, but will persist month after month, year after year.

What are the different types of electric meters related problems that contributes to power losses? Defective Meters Although electric meters are hardy devices, it is always possible that some of them may develop defects over extended service periods. To ensure that meters on the system will remain accurate, the distributor should implement a periodic meter testing program. Periodic meter testing is required by TVA although testing intervals are not specified. A program meeting current industry standards should be designed so each meter on the system is tested no less frequently than shown in table.

What are the different types of electric meters related power losses? Besides losses found in the power system namely; transmission line loss, substation transformer loss, distribution line loss, distribution transformer loss, secondary line loss, and other electrical device losses, another part in an electric utility where power losses usually occur is in the power and energy recording device specifically for revenue purposes.

What are the other types of electric meters which uses multi-function? A multi-function meter is a combination device that performs the functions of instruments, transducers, and meters. It is flexible, allowing the user to monitor many quantities simultaneously. It contains a central processing unit (CPU) for the calculation and digital display of desired quantities. Most multifunction meters can be user configured to normally display a few quantities simultaneously while all quantities can be read using push buttons on the front of the device or via remote monitoring.

What are the different types of electric meters indicating and recording devices? Types of Meter Indicating and Recording Devices Each meter has a device that records the measured quantity. An electric meter usually has a register, which registers the integrating load. The demand meter has an indicating, graphic (recording), printing, or digital device. Digital device meters may also have communications circuitry to permit remote monitoring of the measured quantities.

What are the different types of electric meters used in power and energy reading? An electric meter is a device that measures and registers the integral of an electrical quantity with respect to time. The term “meter” is also used in a general sense to designate any type of measuring device including all types of electrical measuring instruments. Use of “meter” as a suffix to a compound word (e.g., voltmeter, ammeter, frequency meter) is universally accepted. However, in this chapter the narrow meaning of “electric meter” is used.