power systems loss

DATA SCIENCE FOR DISTRIBUTION LOSS MANAGEMENT Data Science as defined in wikipedia is is an interdisciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes, algorithms and systems to extract knowledge and insights from noisy, structured and unstructured data, and apply knowledge from data across a broad range of application domains. Data science is related to data mining, machine learning and big data. Data science is a "concept to unify statistics, data analysis, informatics, and their related methods" in order to "understand and analyse actual phenomena" with data. It uses techniques and theories drawn from many fields within the context of mathematics, statistics, computer science, information science, and domain knowledge. However, data science is different from computer science and information science. Turing Award winner Jim Gray imagined data science as a "fourth paradigm" of science (empirical, theoretical, computational, and now data-driven) and a

How can we estimate the distribution feeder loss using a single formula? The distribution system of an electric utility is a very complex system that is composed of many different kinds of electrical equipment. To mention a few of these components, this would include the feeder lines or wires which in reality are of different size and lengths, distribution transformers of different kVa rating capacity, low voltage lines, etc. 

Authored by: C.H. Lin, C. S. Chen, M. S. Kang, T.T. Ku, J.S. Huang, Z.S. Chiou, and C.W. Huang ABSTRACT --A systematic procedure is proposed to study the effect to temperature change to distribution feeder load profiles and losses by using the typical load patterns of customer classes. The database of an automated mapping/facility management (AM/FM) system is used to retrieve the component attributes and the topology process is executed to determine the electrical network configuration and the customers served by each distribution transformer.

LINE VOLTAGE REGULATORS CHARACTERISTICS AND OPERATION Line voltage regulators' discussion and operation. Primary distribution feeders in rural areas often extend so many miles that maintaining proper voltage over the entire length of the feeder will supply poit regulators alone is impossible. Line regulators located approximately at the mid-point of such feeder provide additional regulation to support the voltage on the remote parts of the feeder. Characteristics of Line Regulators The most common types of line regulators operate similarly to substation regulators. However, line regulators are usually smaller, are more likely to be formed from single-phase units, and are physically constructed for platform mounting on a pole or poles. The discussion above of loss characteristics of substation regulators also applies to line regulators. The major operational difference is that line regulators normally are used only for boosting voltage, and there is no way to center t

How to minimize loss on Voltage Regulators Operation? To minimize losses on substation regulators , either separate units or substaton load tap changers, the high-voltage tap setting on the substation transformer should be set so the regulators will spend the maximum amount of time near the neutral position, since regulator losses increase as the regulator tap position farther away from neutral. Ideally substation regulators should spend approximately the same amount of time bucking voltage as they do boosting voltage. This keeps the regulators near neutral under average system conditions.

SELECTION OF VOLTAGE REGULATING EQUIPMENT How do we select voltage regulators for installation in lines and substations? Distributors must consider many factors when deciding what regulating equipment to install in substations. These factors include: Equipment Maintenance Intervals, as related to the number of guaranteed tap-changer operations without maintenance. Capability of the equipment tocarry expected through-fault currents. Separate feeder regulators may be inadequate for the fault currents in some locations, whereas transformer LTCs are rated for the same fault duty as the transformer. Overall equipment purchase and installation costs. Space consumption in the substation yard. Whether or not separate regulating action is needed for each feeder, to include separate resistance and reactance settings for line-drop compensators and, Energy loss characteristics. Although energy loss is only one of these factors, a loss evaluation should be part of the engineering and econom

How line reconductoring affects distribution line loss? Our basics in electrical study from the past taught us the relationship between conductor resistance and conductor size. We’ve learned that conductor resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of the conductor and directly proportional to its length. This means that for a given same type of material, when the conductor’s cross-sectional area increases, its resistance will decrease proportionally. While if the conductor length increases, its total line resistance will also increase proportionally.

EVALUATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSSES DUE TO LOAD UNBALANCE TECHNICAL PAPER A technical paper authored and completed by Luis F. Ochoa, Rade M. Ciric, A. Padilha-Feltrin, Gareth P. Harrison of UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - Ilha Solteira, Brazil University of the West of England - Bristol, UK ABSTRACT – Distribution network losses can vary significantly depending on the load unbalance. Here, an analysis of distribution system losses is presented that considers load unbalance and the effect of explicitly represented neutral wire. A general power flow algorithm for three-phase four-wire radial distribution networks, based on the current summation backward-forward technique is applied. Loss analysis results obtained from three-phase four-wire medium and low voltage test feeders with unbalanced load scenarios are presented and discussed considering: a) original phase and neutral wires resistances; and b) resistances obtained by per

How phase load balancing affects losses in the distribution lines? The most efficient way for a three-phase line or even a V-phase system to operate is when the loading on each line is said to be balanced. As what we constantly say, distribution line loss is dependent mainly to the two main variables, the line resistance and the line current.

  How single-phase to three-phase conversion affects distribution line losses? Electric Utilities around the world typically uses three-phase system in distributing power. Three-phase system is said to be relatively more superior compared to using a single-phase . The idea of a three-phase power was first conceived by non other than the founder of Alternating Current electricity, Nikola Tesla .

What are the actions taken in reducing line loss in distribution system? The key in minimizing the over-all line loss in any distribution system is through current reduction. In computing for the line loss of a distribution feeder we basically use the I^2R formula. The function of current in this formula is in the exponential form. Because of this , a small change in current would be exponentially felt in the power loss of the feeder. Any effort to reduce the line current is also an effort in loss reduction.

  What are the effects of converting the operating voltage of distribution system? In distribution system loss reduction , it has been known that one option of minimizing the losses produced in the distribution system is through voltage conversion. An example would be if a utility has an operating voltage of 13.8kV and they want to reduce their line loss, converting it to 23kV would be an effective move. However, this action can not simply be done without affecting anything especially when considering the economic factors.

DISTRIBUTION LINE LOSS COMPUTATION THROUGH POWER-FLOW ANALYSIS How power-flow analysis is computed in a distribution system? The analysis of a distribution feeder line will typically consist of a study of the feeder under normal steady-state conditions (power-flow analysis) and a study of the feeder under short-circuit conditions (short-circuit analysis). Model of all of the components of a distribution feeder must first be developed before the analysis can be done. These models will be applied for the analysis under steady-state and short-circuit conditions. The power –flow analysis of a distribution feeder is similar to that of an interconnected transmission system. Typically what will be know prior to the analysis will be the three-phase voltages at the substation and the complex power of all of the loads and the load model (constant complex power, constant impedance, constant current, or a combination). Sometimes, the input complex power supplied to the feeder from the substation

FACTORS AFFECTING LOSSES IN DISTRIBUTION LINES Power distribution lines nature is to cater loads from every part of a certain area. Also, a typical electrical distribution system is a mesh of distribution lines supplying different kinds of customers from residential to industrial type. Due to the complexity of these networks, a careful analysis is needed to properly evaluate the performance of a certain feeder. Analyzing losses in distribution lines is a very challenging role since it entails careful consideration of all the factors present that affects the losses in a distribution system. Although we have discussed previously that loss in the distribution line follows the I squared R law formula and the key to all of these loss evaluation and reduction is through the line current, ways in reducing the current may not be as easy as it seems. The following terms below are some of the known factors that directly or indirectly influence the losses present in distribution lines. An elect

DISTRIBUTION LINE LOSS There are two types of power distribution that electric utilities used are known, overhead power distribution and underground power distribution which utilizes power cables and cabinet substations. These two types of distribution methods possess similar and unique characteristics with respect to each other. Overhead lines uses bare wires while underground lines are securely insulated. In evaluating losses on distribution primary lines, a complex and detailed approach is usually necessary since in a power distribution system a great variety of possible line configurations and load conditions exist. We have the familiar distribution set up like a radial, looped and interconnected configuration. It is important for a utility that they are able to evaluate their line losses since through this they can be able to base their decisions regarding loss reduction that can produce significant savings when considered along with other system improvement and plans and new c