ESSENTIAL TOPICS FOR SYSTEM'S LOSS ANALYSIS

Now that we all know where all these electrical power came from, let us now refresh our minds to the elementary informations pertaining to the principles and computations of this electrical topic. One may find this a very primitive discussion,but for the sake of leveling the battle field, let us proceed with this anyway.

Before we get invloved with the underlying principles of System's loss Analysis, the following topics listed below are essential for the better understanding of the matter in hand.

Transmission & Distribution Line Analysis

Short-Transmission Line
Medium-Transmission Line
Long-Transmission Line
Bundled Conductors
Conductor Parameters

Transformers

Open Circuit Test
Short Circuit Test
Transformer Loss (Hysteresis, Eddy-current, Core and Copper Loss)
Parallel Operation
Efficiency (Maximum & All-day)

Power Triangle

Apparent Power
Reactive Power
True Power

Power Quality Equipment

Automatic Voltage Regulator
Capacitors

Some topics that are not listed above but still essential will be discussed once the need arises.

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PARTS OF A POWER TRANSFORMER

What are the name of the basic parts of a Power Transformer? We can not deny the fact that only a handful of electrical engineering students are presently familiar with power transformers especially on what it looks like. Unlike a transformer we found in our homes, a power transformer’s appearance and construction is somewhat more complicated. It is not just a simple winding with a primary and secondary terminal although basically any transformer has one. The function that a power transformer plays in an electrical system is very important that an electric utility can not afford to loss it during its operation. Our discussion here will focus more on the basic parts and functions of a power transformer that are usually tangible whenever you go to a substation . Although not all power transformers are identical, nonetheless they all have the following listed parts in which the way of construction may differ.

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ELECTRIC MOTOR FRAME SIZE STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS

ELECTRIC MOTOR FRAME SIZE STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS How is electric motor frame size being specified? Motor frame dimensions have been standardized with a uniform frame size numbering system. This system was developed by NEMA and specific frame sizes have been assigned to standard motor ratings based on enclosure, horsepower and speed. The current standardized frames for integral horsepower induction motors ranges from 143T to 445T. These standards cover most motors in the range of one through two hundred horsepower. Typical example of where you can locate the frame is shown in Fig 1.2.D – Frame No. The numbers used to designate frame sizes have specific meanings based on the physical size of the motor. Some digits are related to the motor shaft height and the remaining digit or digits relate to the length of the motor. The rerate, or frame size reduction programs were brought about by advancements in motor technology relating mainly to higher temperature ratings of insulating mate...

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ELECTRIC MOTOR NAMEPLATE SPECIFICATIONS

How do we interpret an electric motor nameplate? Motor standards are established on a country by country basis.Fortunately though, the standards can be grouped into two major categories: NEMA and IEC (and its derivatives). In North America, the National Electric Manufacturers Association (NEMA) sets motor standards, including what should go on the nameplate (NEMA Standard MG 1-10.40 "Nameplate Marking for Medium Single-Phase and Polyphase Induction Motors").

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