PERCENT SYSTEM'S LOSS FORMULA

How to determine the electric utility's overall power system's loss?

Solving for an Electric Utility's Overall system's loss can be easier than you can think of. Distribution Utilities computes their over all Percent System's loss in a very simple manner. The result of this computation serves as a signal on how the company is doing with respect to minimizing their energy losses and how are they performing.

Percent Systems Loss is simply the ratio between all unaccounted energy to the purchased energy. Unaccounted energy is the difference between purchased energy minus the sold energy and company use. Let us define each of these terms.

ENERGY PURCHASED/GENERATED - is the energy(kWhr) delivered from generation and transmission companies. It is the energy which is bought by the distribution utility to be use by its customers.

ENERGY SOLD - is the billed energy(kWhr) from all the distribution utility's customers (residential, commercial, industrial) during the same period where the purchased energy was taken.

COMPANY USE - this includes energy(kWhr) consumption of the company mostly from its station power, pumps, lightings and other consumptions that is necessary for their operation.

Companies use energy in computing their system's loss simply because it is easier this way compared to using the actual demand.

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PARTS OF A POWER TRANSFORMER

What are the name of the basic parts of a Power Transformer? We can not deny the fact that only a handful of electrical engineering students are presently familiar with power transformers especially on what it looks like. Unlike a transformer we found in our homes, a power transformer’s appearance and construction is somewhat more complicated. It is not just a simple winding with a primary and secondary terminal although basically any transformer has one. The function that a power transformer plays in an electrical system is very important that an electric utility can not afford to loss it during its operation. Our discussion here will focus more on the basic parts and functions of a power transformer that are usually tangible whenever you go to a substation . Although not all power transformers are identical, nonetheless they all have the following listed parts in which the way of construction may differ.

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ELECTRIC MOTOR FRAME SIZE STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS

ELECTRIC MOTOR FRAME SIZE STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS How is electric motor frame size being specified? Motor frame dimensions have been standardized with a uniform frame size numbering system. This system was developed by NEMA and specific frame sizes have been assigned to standard motor ratings based on enclosure, horsepower and speed. The current standardized frames for integral horsepower induction motors ranges from 143T to 445T. These standards cover most motors in the range of one through two hundred horsepower. Typical example of where you can locate the frame is shown in Fig 1.2.D – Frame No. The numbers used to designate frame sizes have specific meanings based on the physical size of the motor. Some digits are related to the motor shaft height and the remaining digit or digits relate to the length of the motor. The rerate, or frame size reduction programs were brought about by advancements in motor technology relating mainly to higher temperature ratings of insulating mate

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ELECTRIC MOTOR NAMEPLATE SPECIFICATIONS

How do we interpret an electric motor nameplate? Motor standards are established on a country by country basis.Fortunately though, the standards can be grouped into two major categories: NEMA and IEC (and its derivatives). In North America, the National Electric Manufacturers Association (NEMA) sets motor standards, including what should go on the nameplate (NEMA Standard MG 1-10.40 "Nameplate Marking for Medium Single-Phase and Polyphase Induction Motors").

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