POWER SYSTEM ONE-LINE DIAGRAM

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The illustration above shows a simple power system one-line diagram. A power system network usually begins in the generation side.In the case of a distribution utility, their system starts at the connection point which is normally a mesh of transmission lines called a "grid". Bulk power is delivered through transmission line with a typical voltage rating ranging from 138kV and above. A power substation receives this power and then brings down the voltage level from 138kV to 69kV through the use of power transformers. A distribution substation then receives again this power to be transformed into a voltage level that can be distributed to distribution transformers before it can be utilized by commercial and residential customers.

This diagram not only shows the path where the power flow but it also shows all the electrical components where power losses occur. Later we will discuss this components and how they contribute losses in the system.

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PARTS OF A POWER TRANSFORMER

What are the name of the basic parts of a Power Transformer? We can not deny the fact that only a handful of electrical engineering students are presently familiar with power transformers especially on what it looks like. Unlike a transformer we found in our homes, a power transformer’s appearance and construction is somewhat more complicated. It is not just a simple winding with a primary and secondary terminal although basically any transformer has one. The function that a power transformer plays in an electrical system is very important that an electric utility can not afford to loss it during its operation. Our discussion here will focus more on the basic parts and functions of a power transformer that are usually tangible whenever you go to a substation . Although not all power transformers are identical, nonetheless they all have the following listed parts in which the way of construction may differ.

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ELECTRIC MOTOR NAMEPLATE SPECIFICATIONS

How do we interpret an electric motor nameplate? Motor standards are established on a country by country basis.Fortunately though, the standards can be grouped into two major categories: NEMA and IEC (and its derivatives). In North America, the National Electric Manufacturers Association (NEMA) sets motor standards, including what should go on the nameplate (NEMA Standard MG 1-10.40 "Nameplate Marking for Medium Single-Phase and Polyphase Induction Motors").

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DISADVANTAGES OF Y-Y CONNECTION IN THREE PHASE SYSTEM

What are the disadvantages in using y-y connection? The Y-Y transformer connection was poorly understood in the early days of power engineering and it received a very bad reputation when it was first used; in fact, this connection was avoided for a long time until its limitations were overcome by good engineering practice. Some of the inherent disadvantages of the Y-Y connection are discussed below:

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