power systems loss

ALUMINUM CONDUCTOR ADVANTAGES IN OVERHEAD DISTRIBUTION LINE SYSTEM What are the advantages of aluminium conductors for distribution line application?  It is a worldwide practice that when it comes to transmission and distribution line system application, aluminium conductors rank first as the most utilized type of conductor material for electrical applications. ACSR or Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced is one of the most popular types of conductor used by electric utilities worldwide. The reason for aluminium’s popularity in electrical lines application can be discussed in many aspects. Seven distinct characteristics are basically known why electrical engineers treat aluminium to be superior when it comes to distribution line application; conductivity, light weight, strength, workability, corrosion resistance, creep, and compatibility with insulation. Aluminum’s conductivity is known to be more than twice compared to that of a copper with the same weight. A pure aluminum conductor

EVALUATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSSES DUE TO LOAD UNBALANCE TECHNICAL PAPER A technical paper authored and completed by Luis F. Ochoa, Rade M. Ciric, A. Padilha-Feltrin, Gareth P. Harrison of UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - Ilha Solteira, Brazil University of the West of England - Bristol, UK ABSTRACT – Distribution network losses can vary significantly depending on the load unbalance. Here, an analysis of distribution system losses is presented that considers load unbalance and the effect of explicitly represented neutral wire. A general power flow algorithm for three-phase four-wire radial distribution networks, based on the current summation backward-forward technique is applied. Loss analysis results obtained from three-phase four-wire medium and low voltage test feeders with unbalanced load scenarios are presented and discussed considering: a) original phase and neutral wires resistances; and b) resistances obtained by per

How phase load balancing affects losses in the distribution lines? The most efficient way for a three-phase line or even a V-phase system to operate is when the loading on each line is said to be balanced. As what we constantly say, distribution line loss is dependent mainly to the two main variables, the line resistance and the line current.

  How single-phase to three-phase conversion affects distribution line losses? Electric Utilities around the world typically uses three-phase system in distributing power. Three-phase system is said to be relatively more superior compared to using a single-phase . The idea of a three-phase power was first conceived by non other than the founder of Alternating Current electricity, Nikola Tesla .

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM: RADIAL FEEDERS Radial feeder is a distribution feeder line configuration that is known to have one path for power to flow, from the distribution substations (source) to utilization point (end-users). Electric utilities typically have one or more distribution substations each of which consist of one or more distribution feeders. A typical feeder is made up of some if not all of the following components. • Primary main feeder (three phase) • Lateral lines (three-phase, vee-phase and single phase) • Voltage Regulators (usually step-type) • In-line transformers • Capacitor Banks (shunt) • Distribution Transformers • Secondary/Low-voltage lines • Loads (three-phase, two-phase and single phase) Radial feeders can also be described as a distribution line set-up where no other interconnected feeder line is adjacent to it. An outage in its distribution substation means an outage to the whole feeder. Radial feeder can usually be found in the outskirts of the franchi

FACTORS AFFECTING LOSSES IN DISTRIBUTION LINES Power distribution lines nature is to cater loads from every part of a certain area. Also, a typical electrical distribution system is a mesh of distribution lines supplying different kinds of customers from residential to industrial type. Due to the complexity of these networks, a careful analysis is needed to properly evaluate the performance of a certain feeder. Analyzing losses in distribution lines is a very challenging role since it entails careful consideration of all the factors present that affects the losses in a distribution system. Although we have discussed previously that loss in the distribution line follows the I squared R law formula and the key to all of these loss evaluation and reduction is through the line current, ways in reducing the current may not be as easy as it seems. The following terms below are some of the known factors that directly or indirectly influence the losses present in distribution lines. An elect

DISTRIBUTION LINE LOSS There are two types of power distribution that electric utilities used are known, overhead power distribution and underground power distribution which utilizes power cables and cabinet substations. These two types of distribution methods possess similar and unique characteristics with respect to each other. Overhead lines uses bare wires while underground lines are securely insulated. In evaluating losses on distribution primary lines, a complex and detailed approach is usually necessary since in a power distribution system a great variety of possible line configurations and load conditions exist. We have the familiar distribution set up like a radial, looped and interconnected configuration. It is important for a utility that they are able to evaluate their line losses since through this they can be able to base their decisions regarding loss reduction that can produce significant savings when considered along with other system improvement and plans and new c

OVERHEAD DISTRIBUTION LINES TYPICAL STRUCTURE CONFIGURATION What are the typical structures used for overhead lines? Transmission lines and Overhead Distribution lines may be similar in terms with their functions but the two differs a lot in terms of their constructions.  Transmission lines are designed to carry high voltage transmission and travels longer distances while overhead distribution lines is made to carry medium voltage transmission and travels distances only depending on the size of its scope or depending to the utilities discretions. In a power distribution system , electrical power leaves the power distribution substation and is distributed to different areas by distribution lines. Distribution lines on the high voltage side of the distribution transformer are called primary distribution lines or primaries. While, secondary are termed to those on the low-voltage side of the distribution transformer are called secondary distribution lines. Typical overhead distrib

DISTRIBUTION LINES: ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM A major part of an electrical power system that contributes the most losses in the entire network is usually found in its distribution system. Distribution system or commonly referred to as distribution lines is the part after voltage transformation at the distribution substation is completed. Distribution line’s purpose is to transmit power through conductors to different parts of the utility’s franchise area. These lines typically use medium voltage to circulate power needed by the consumers. Distribution lines is said to be the final stage before satisfying the consumers or end users and when power is delivered to them. Unlike transmission line’s simplicity in operation, distribution lines are far more complicated network of conductors. Distribution network popularly configured in 3-phase, receives electricity from the transmission lines where the voltage is converted first in the substation transformers. As mentioned a while a