power systems loss

OPTIMAL SWITCHING FOR MINIMIZING LOSSES IN SYNERGEE SIMULATION What is Optimal Switching in the electrical distribution system? Optimal switching SynerGEE's optimal switching application is a powerful tool that helps you find the best operating state for feeder switches. The application accounts for exceptions, low voltages, demands, and other objectives. It is easy to use and produces a clear and understandable summary report with suggested switching operations. Application operation The optimal switching tool finds the local extreme for a single objective. The analysis starts with a base load-flow run with switches in their pre-analysis state. From all available switching pairs it finds the switching pair that would result in the best evaluation of the objective. A switching pair is one open switch and one closed switch combination. The tool performs the switching operation, runs a new load-flow, then repeats the process until no switching pairs result in an improvement of t

BREAKING DOWN SYSTEM’S LOSS COMPONENTS TUTORIALS How Electric Utilities Compute for the overall system’s loss value? We have discussed in our previous topics the main components in computing for the system’s loss of a typical electric utility namely the Purchased, Sold and Company use kilowatt-hours. The main principle behind the determination of system’s loss revolves mainly in the amount of unaccounted kilowatt-hour loss in comparison to the total kilowatt-hour purchased. Electric Utilities system’s loss differs from one another due to the reason that each utility possesses a unique network of electrical system. Some may have a dense loading profile while others may have relatively scattered loads. The usual reason why some utilities have higher line loss can be explained by the presence of over-extended lines just in order to serve customers in the remote area. Most electric utilities/cooperatives are supplied with electricity from more than one source to ensure rel

SYNERGEE 4.0 FAULT LOCATION APPLICATION TUTORIALS AND GUIDE Fault Location using Synergee simulation software version 4.0 SynerGEE has an application to help find probable fault locations when the magnitude of fault current is known for a specific location. If fault values are known from electronic relay readings, fault meter values, or other sources then SynerGEE can help track down the location of the fault. This application is part of the SynerGEE Protection Module. Application approach The fault location application uses SynerGEE’s Fault Flow Analysis and detailed by-phase models to calculate fault current values at various locations in the model. For each location, SynerGEE determines the current that is seen at the metering device. In a radial, semi-homogeneous, grounded system, the type of fault can be easily determined from the fault levels seen at the point of metering. The fault type becomes more difficult to determine when some of these complexities are introduced:

SYNERGEE 4.0 FAULT ANALYSIS APPLICATION TUTORIALS AND GUIDE What are the types of fault analysis that synergee 4.0 offers? As an overview to synergee 4.0 fault analysis, SynerGEE supports three types of fault analysis: basic fault, fault flow and fault voltage. Fault current calculations are critical for utility and customer installations. They determine the maximum available current at a given point, or device in the system. With the calculations, over-current protective equipment, such as breakers, reclosers, and fuses with a fault current rating greater than the calculated values can be selected. If the protective equipment is not rated to handle the maximum available fault current, it will not operate effectively and will cause serious injury or property damage. Faults that occur on the electrical system are usually referred to as “short circuits”, which occurs when there is a low impedance path to the source • Low impedance path creates high current levels • Most commo

LARGE CUSTOMERS AND DISTRIBUTED GENERATION IN SYNERGEE VERSION 4.0 How is large customers defined in synergee 4.0 with respect to distributed generation? SynerGEE provides a special load model to handle distributed generators, co-generators, and large customers, known collectively as the “large customer.” On the map, large customers are similar to devices because they use their own map symbols and separate editors. On a functional level, a large customer is similar to a spot load and/or a modelled generator. Large customers provide the following features, which may determine whether you use them or a different load model: •  Identifiable map entity with a symbol. At its simplest level, a large customer may be functionally identical to a spot load. However, the large customer provides a symbol on the map, a listing in the SynerGEE model explorer, and easier management through tools such as reports. •  Combined generation/load. With a large customer, you can combine the gen

DISTRIBUTED GENERATION IN SYNERGEE VERSION 4.0 Different types of generators provided by synergee for simulation and analysis. Distributed Generation is defined as the generation of energy close to the point of use. Distributed generation has many advantages: • Reduction in building new transmission/distribution lines or upgrading existing lines. • Configured to meet peak power needs. • Configured to provide premium power (when coupled with uninterruptable power supply). • Well-suited for renewable energy technologies (located close to the user and can be installed in small increments to match the load requirement of the customer) SynerGEE supports detailed by-phase models of generators. There are four types of models. •  Induction – The machine is modelled with passive components. A variable resistance represents the electro-mechanical coupling through the notion of slip. The output power in kW can be specified. • Synchronous – Series winding impedances and a back EMF a

APPLICATION OPERATION OF CAPACITOR PLACEMENT IN SYNERGEE VERSION 4.0 How is Capacitor Placement used in synergee software? Capacitor placement operates in a cumulative manner, starting from base case. The application first finds the most advantageous location for a capacitor, based on user-specified constraints. This location is offered as the first recommendation. You can then temporarily “place” a recommended capacitor in your model and have the analysis look for the next best location to further improve performance. The process can continue in this manner until one of the following occurs: • The application cannot improve system performance with another capacitor. • The application has placed the maximum number of capacitors, based on your capacitor placement analysis settings. Capacitor Placement always tries to place the largest-size capacitor first, based on the sizes you selected for the analysis. The application then moves sequentially through the sizes until it

CAPACITOR PLACEMENT SOFTWARE TUTORIALS INTRODUCTION IN SYNERGEE VERSION 4.0 Importance of specifying capacitor placement in distribution system. A distribution feeder with fixed and switched capacitors is typically designed with consideration for the location and size of capacitors. Their locations are determined optimally to minimize feeder losses and comply with voltage standards at different loading levels. Banks are usually placed near a load or in areas where low voltage results from loading to provide reactive power locally so the current for the reactive load does not have to be sent through the distribution system. The reduced amount of reactive power flowing on the distribution lines between the source and capacitor bank allows a lower current flow and improves the power factor. Line losses are smaller and thus the voltage becomes higher at the load. Here are some of the benefits of capacitor use: • Released capacity in the substation and/or feeders • Improved tran

SYNERGEE 4.0 GRID-STYLE REPORTS BASIC TUTORIALS AND FAQs Tutorials about dealing with reports in synergee analysis results. The grid-style reports serve the same purpose as any SynerGEE report, except add a host of new features over the older HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language – markup language for web pages) reports. How can I tell when I’m looking at a grid-style report? A grid-style report is in a condensed table format, looking much like a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet with an explorer to the left. The initial coloring schema is similar to the older HTML reports, but the table and explorer layout are somewhat different. For example, a grid-style report allows the explorer items to be expanded and collapsed. Do I have to use Grid-Style reports? No. In you output options you can select HTML report generation only. However, you are encouraged to use grid-style report as they are available, because of their enhanced features. I turned on grid-style reporting in my outpu

SYNERGEE 4.0 STARTUP RECIPE BASICS TUTORIALS AND FAQs Frequently Asked Questions in synergee 4.0 for using the recipe and reports features. Startup Recipe Recipes provide a basic scripting interface for SynerGEE. A recipe is simply a text file with a series of commands that SynerGEE runs in order, when the recipe is launched. Recipes currently support a variety of commands related to data loading, analysis, selecting features, map coloring, and more. The User Guide contains detailed information on recipes and comprehensive command syntax. For a quick reference of supported recipe commands and their syntax, you can produce a schema report in SynerGEE. What can I make a startup recipe do? A startup recipe can do anything that other recipes can do. For a complete overview on recipe capabilities, see the SynerGEE User Guide. What do people usually use the startup recipe for? A startup recipe is used to automatically load data and possibly select feeders. How do I learn ab

DISPLAY MANAGEMENT FOR SYNERGEE 4.0 AND EDITING YOUR MODEL AESTHETICS TUTORIALS How to edit and set the map settings in synergee version 4.0? Not only that synergee is used for electrical systems analysis but more especially, it also serves as excellent mapping software. One should be familiar with the various mapping tools available for displaying and organizing model data in able maximize the software’s capability. One of the most powerful features of the SynerGEE interface is the scale-based, geographical map. With the wide variety of customization options available, the map should be a fundamental tool for understanding your model and what is happening during analysis. In many cases, the map may be only reporting mechanism you need, with its wide variety coloring and annotation options available. Colorization and annotations may also be useful for presenting analysis results to an audience, rather than long, detailed reports. To open the Map Settings dialog box, select

WHAT’S NEW IN SYNERGEE  VERSION 4.0 What are the noticeable changes found in synergee 4.0? With a new environment in the new version of synergee, this tutorial aims to inform everyone and be familiar with the main areas of the SynerGEE application. We will also review the most commonly used toolbar buttons and modes. We will start off by being familiar with the changes in the synerGEE environment. To successfully model and analyze your electric system especially for loss segregation, you need to fully understand how to use SynerGEE. SynerGEE is designed to be intuitive and user-friendly, and a thorough knowledge of its powerful and convenient interface will significantly increase productivity. From little shortcuts to big time-savers, you should take some time to learn about the features provided to optimize your SynerGEE usage. Ribbon Bar The ribbon bar, which by far is the most noticeable changes that can be seen in synergee version 4.0 runs along the top of the Syner

READING ELECTRIC KWHR METER REGISTER TUTORIALS How to read an electro-mechanical kilowatt-hour meter? The revenue an electric utility company greatly depends on the competency of its meter reader. Although misreading of kilo-watt hour meters by meter readers is not a serious issue especially on residential and other typical energy meter since it can be corrected once the succeeding reading is done. However, misreading of meters in demand meters poses a great risk since this is where big consumers belong. Demand meters read the maximum kilowatt demand that the user reached during the month and are billed accordingly. If a demand meter is misread as lower than the true reading, the error can never be corrected because the register is reset after the reading is taken. This tutorial will be first discussing the basics in reading electric meters especially with electro-mechanical type. Usually, two kinds of meter exist in a utility which is a dial type and a digital type meter register

SHUNT CAPACITOR BANK FUNDAMENTALS AND PROTECTION TECHNICAL PAPER Technical Paper written by: Gustavo Brunello, M.Eng, P.Eng, Dr. Bogdan Kasztenny, Craig Wester ABSTRACT Shunt capacitor banks are used to improve the quality of the electrical supply and the efficient operation of the power system. Studies show that a flat voltage profile on the system can significantly reduce line losses. Shunt capacitor banks are relatively inexpensive and can be easily installed anywhere on the network.   This paper reviews principles of shunt capacitor bank design for substation installation and basic protection techniques.  The protection of shunt capacitor bank includes: a) protection against internal bank faults and faults that occur inside the capacitor unit; and, b) protection of the bank against system disturbances.Section 2 of the paper describes the capacitor unit and how they are connected for different bank configurations. Section 3 discusses bank designs and grounding connections. 

Completed and Authored by: Chetan C. Adalja M.L. Jain, Technology Department, EMCO Limited, Thane India INTRODUCTION The stray losses in a transformer comprise winding stray losses, viz. eddy loss and circulating current loss; the loss in the edge stack (smallest packet of the core limb); and the loss in structural parts, viz. frame, flitch plate and tank. Core loss at the impedance voltage being insignificantly low, is not considered in the present analysis. In case of large generator transformers, stray losses due to high current carrying leads also become significant.

LOADING POWER TRANSFORMERS BEYOND NAMEPLATE RATING:SIMULATION SOFTWARE VIDEO Power transsformers are one of the most critical asset in any power system network. Transformers undergoe different load cycles that vary depending the time of day and year in power system conditions. For example, the daily load cycle tends to increase during the early hours of the morning before people leave for work and in the evning after they arrive home. Similarly, a yearly load cycle during the hot summer months when high ambient temperature cause consumers to ramp up their air conditioners and use more electrical power. During contingecy conditions, single or variuos network elemaents such as transsmission lines, generators or transformers might be isolated from the power system. As a consequence,transformers can become overloaded by reaching magnitudes above its maximum nameplate capability affecting and possible reducing the overall life of the transformer.During transformer overloads, theextra pow

IEEE STD C57.93-1995: GUIDE FOR INSTALLATION OF LIQUID-IMMERSED POWER TRANSFORMERS This IEEE standard aims to show the appropriate way of shipping, handling, inspecting, installing, and maintaining liquid-immersed power transformers. Power transformers are defined in this guide to be above 501kVA and which its secondary voltage should be equal or above 1000V. Two sizes of transformers are basically discussed in this guide, those which are 10MVA and above with a primary voltage winding of 69kV and above and transformers which are 501kVA to 10MVA (oil or ail cooled) having a primary voltage winding of 69kV and below. 501kVA TO 10 MVA (OA) LIQUID-IMMERSED POWER TRANSFORMERS This type of transformers are said to be usually a station or pad-mount installed transformers. Its tanks are tightly sealed to preserve the liquid or inert gas used as insulation. Radiators which are usually provided by manufacturer for cooling can be welded directly to the tank. Transformers with lower capacity ar

CALCULATION OF TRANSFORMER LOSSES UNDER NON-SINUSOIDAL CURRENTS USING:TWO ANALYTICAL METHODS AND FINITE ELEMENTS ANALYSIS An article discussing effects of non-sinusoidal currents to the transformer losses. This article was made through the effort of M.Yazdani-Asrami, M.Mirzaie and A.Shayegani-Akmal of Babol University of Technology, Babol, Iran. Introduction Transformers are the most important component in power system and are interfaces between consumers and suppliers. Contemporary with ever-increasing electrical energy demand, the number and capacity of installed transmission transformers and especially distribution transformers are increasing. However, considering the point that the efficiency of these components is 97-99%, there was not enough attention to the amount of loss and performance of transformers. By considering the large number of transformers in transmission and distribution networks, it can be seen that the total power loss of these components is high. So, any reduct

TRANSFORMER PARALLELING TUTORIAL & DOWNLOAD In actual electrical engineering application, sometimes an engineer would sacrifice logic in order for him to achieve a greater purpose. Unlike in theory, actual engineering practice requires decision making situations where we base our decisions on more than just what we compute and what we think as the most correct action. Say for instance in paralleling tansformers, generally, it is not recommended to use two smaller size transformers, to be used in one circuit by paralleling in replacement for using a single full-size transformer with the same capacity with latter set-up. Logically speaking, utilizing two transformers will be more expensive compared to using a single unit transformer both with the same transformation capacity. Not to mention the fact that the combined losses of two transformer will be higher to that of a single transformer especially when it comes to its no-load loss  considerations. Also, a two-unit transformer will

IEEE STD C37.91-2000: GUIDE FOR PROTECTIVE RELAY APPLICATIONS TO POWER TRANSFORMER Power Transformers are not only one of the most important piece of electrical device in the power system with respect to its functions but also the most expensive among all other devices found in an electrical substation. Furthermore, once a power transformer is out of service during its operation, the electric utility can not simply replace it in a short period of time not unless one has a spare which is also, mind you, can be very impractical. An electric utility can not afford to loss a power transformer because it would also mean a loss in revenue and for a manufacturer’s perspective is a loss in production. A power transformer, in which I think everybody would agree, is a very complicated form of electrical apparatus. While in operation, it is subjected to a quite number of threats which can be unpredictable, one of which is a fault that can be very damaging. Proper care and maintenance are always