power systems loss

69KV CURRENT TRANSFORMER SAMPLE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION Sample specification of a 69kv Current Transformer. Description: For Oil-Filled Type: The unit shall be hermetically sealed and of the minimum oil-filed type and compact design. All sealing shall be located below the oil level. The expansion room shall be of a gas cushion type filled with nitrogen. Oil level should be of the reflection type and without moving parts. Primary terminals shall be suitable for connection of copper or aluminum connectors. The external ferrous parts shall be of hair pin type insulation consisting of oil-impregnated paper and capacitor layers for voltage grading. It should be preferably provided with a capacitance voltage tap throughout thru an insulated, factory grounded, bushing for checking the condition of its primary insulation. It should have a high seismic withstand capability of 0.5G. The unit must be able to be tilted to 60 deg. C. For Gas Type: The primary and secondary winding of the SF6

69KV VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER SAMPLE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION Sample specification of a 69kv Voltage Transformer. Description: The unit should be magnetic type and for connection between phase and earth in networks with isolated or earthed neutral. • Designed with low flux density in the core and can therefore be operated at 190% rated voltage for more than 8 hours • Fitted with a secondary measuring winding and a tertiary earth-fault winding • Hermetically sealed, which means no need for regular maintenance procedures • Primary terminals shall be suitable for connection of copper or aluminum connectors. • All external parts are hot-dip galvanized • High seismic withstand capability (0.5G) For Oil-Filled Type: The unit shall be hermetically sealed and of the minimum oil-filed type and compact design. All sealing shall be located below the oil level. The expansion room shall be of a gas cushion type filled with nitrogen. Oil level should be of the reflection type and without moving

Guide for instrument transformer standard referring to IEEE standards. Scope of the Standard This standard is intended for use as a basis for performance, interchangability, and safety of equipment covered, and to assist in the proper selection of such equipment. This standard covers certain electrical, dimensional, and mechanical characteristics, and takes into consideration certain safety features of current and inductively coupled voltage transformers of types generally used in the measurement of electricity and the control of equipment associated with the generation, transmission, and distribution of alternating current.

How Instrument transformer contributes to system losses? Like any other transformer in general, Instrument transformers are intended to convert current or voltage from the high level in the transmission and distribution systems to the low levels that can be used by low voltage metering devices. Three primary applications for which instrument transformers are usually known: metering (for energy billing and revenue purposes); protection control (for system protection and protective relaying function); and load survey (for economic management of industrial loads).

ELECTRIC MOTOR FRAME SIZE STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS How is electric motor frame size being specified? Motor frame dimensions have been standardized with a uniform frame size numbering system. This system was developed by NEMA and specific frame sizes have been assigned to standard motor ratings based on enclosure, horsepower and speed. The current standardized frames for integral horsepower induction motors ranges from 143T to 445T. These standards cover most motors in the range of one through two hundred horsepower. Typical example of where you can locate the frame is shown in Fig 1.2.D – Frame No. The numbers used to designate frame sizes have specific meanings based on the physical size of the motor. Some digits are related to the motor shaft height and the remaining digit or digits relate to the length of the motor. The rerate, or frame size reduction programs were brought about by advancements in motor technology relating mainly to higher temperature ratings of insulating mate

OPTIMAL SWITCHING FOR MINIMIZING LOSSES IN SYNERGEE SIMULATION What is Optimal Switching in the electrical distribution system? Optimal switching SynerGEE's optimal switching application is a powerful tool that helps you find the best operating state for feeder switches. The application accounts for exceptions, low voltages, demands, and other objectives. It is easy to use and produces a clear and understandable summary report with suggested switching operations. Application operation The optimal switching tool finds the local extreme for a single objective. The analysis starts with a base load-flow run with switches in their pre-analysis state. From all available switching pairs it finds the switching pair that would result in the best evaluation of the objective. A switching pair is one open switch and one closed switch combination. The tool performs the switching operation, runs a new load-flow, then repeats the process until no switching pairs result in an improvement of t

BREAKING DOWN SYSTEM’S LOSS COMPONENTS TUTORIALS How Electric Utilities Compute for the overall system’s loss value? We have discussed in our previous topics the main components in computing for the system’s loss of a typical electric utility namely the Purchased, Sold and Company use kilowatt-hours. The main principle behind the determination of system’s loss revolves mainly in the amount of unaccounted kilowatt-hour loss in comparison to the total kilowatt-hour purchased. Electric Utilities system’s loss differs from one another due to the reason that each utility possesses a unique network of electrical system. Some may have a dense loading profile while others may have relatively scattered loads. The usual reason why some utilities have higher line loss can be explained by the presence of over-extended lines just in order to serve customers in the remote area. Most electric utilities/cooperatives are supplied with electricity from more than one source to ensure rel