power systems loss

PRESENTATION ON POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSSES BY TAO HONG Presented by Tao Hong, Ph.D., lecture at ABB, FL, April, 2011 This is a very good presentation prepared by Tao Hong. He is an Analytical Consultant in SAS Institute Inc. where he focuses on revenue optimization, retail forecasting and demand response. Sir Tao Hong is also a Business Knowledge Series Instructor in the same institute. He is an Engineer, Sr. Engineer, Principal Engineer in Quanta Technology, LLC where he is in charge of Load forecasting, T&D Planning, system loss evaluation, system reliability analysis, load modelling, and renewable energy. Abstract This presentation introduces the basic concept, assessment, and mitigation of power distribution system losses. During the seminar, the participants learn how to calculate transformer and line losses, and to optimally place capacitors to reduce losses. Overview     Introduction     Basic concepts     Definition...

TYPES OF FUSES FOR ELECTRIC MOTORS PROTECTION Different types of fuses for electric motor protection Fuses are over-current protective devices that are placed in an electrical circuit to protect the control components, wiring, insulation, and motor from damage caused by excessive current and associated heat. Overcurrents are considered any increase in continuous current above the normal operating current level. In motor circuits, overcurrents are classified in two different categories. Motor overloads are any overcurrents up to or slightly above locked rotor current (6-8 times FLA). This range of overcurrent is protected by overload relay protection devices which will be discussed in more detail later. Short-circuit overcurrents are those produced by short-circuit or ground fault conditions with fault current levels in excess of 8 times FLA. In today’s industrial facilities, short-circuit overcurrents can easily reach 50,000A. If the short-circuit overcurrents are not interrupted ...

ELECTRIC MOTOR SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION OVERVIEW How are electric motors protcted from short circuits? A short circuit is a direct contact between two points of different electric potential: 1. Alternating current: phase-to-phase contact, phase-to-neutral contact, phase-to-ground contact or contact between windings in a phase. 2. Direct current: contact between two poles or between the ground and the pole insulated from it. This can have a number of causes: damage to the varnish insulating the conductors, loose, broken or stripped wires or cables, metal foreign bodies, conducting deposits (dust, moisture, etc.), seepage of water or other conducting fluids, wrong wiring in assembly or maintenance. A short circuit results in a sudden surge of current which can reach several hundred times the working current within milliseconds. A short circuit can have devastating effects and severely damage equipment. It is typified by two phenomena. A thermal phenomenon A thermal phenomenon co...

BASICS FOR ELECTRIC MOTORS PROTECTION Overview on the importance of electric motor protection. Every electric motor has operating limits. Overshooting these limits will eventually destroy it and the systems it drives, the immediate effect being operating shutdown and losses. This type of receiver, which transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy, can be the seat of electrical or mechanical incidents. Electrical a. Power surges, voltage drops, unbalance and phase losses causing variations in the absorbed current. b. Short circuits where the current can reach levels that can destroy the receiver. Mechanical a. Rotor stalling, momentary or prolonged overloads increasing the current absorbed by the motor and dangerously heating its windings. The cost of these incidents can be high. a. It includes production loss b. Loss of raw materials, c. Repair of the production equipment, d. Non-quality production and delivery delays. The economic necessity for businesses to ...

REA BULLETIN 160-2: MECHANICAL DESIGN MANUAL FOR OVERHEAD DISTRIBUTION LINES Overview on REA Bulletin 160-2 for overhead distribution line design guide The engineering input to an overhead line project can be divided into three principal categories; system planning, electrical design of system components, and the mechanical design of the line. This overview for the design manual deals primarily with the last mentioned of these categories. Preparation for an Overhead Distribution Line Project This part involves coordination with system planning especially in the field of route selection and acquisition. This includes securing of rights of way and permits needed for the implementation. Preparing a line project also means preparing of staking aids as well as review of existing design guides or preparation of new ones. The National Electrical Safety Code as a Basis for Distribution Line Design The second part in implementing distribution line projects is insuring that appropriate sta...

Authored by: Puthireddy Umapathi Reddy*, Sirigiri Sivanagaraju, Prabandhamkam Sangameswararaju ABSTRACT In rural power systems, the Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVRs) help to reduce energy loss and to improve the power quality of electric utilities, compensating the voltage drops through distribution lines. This paper presents selection of optimal location and selection of tap setting for voltage regulators in Unbalanced Radial Distribution Systems (URDS). PSO is used for selecting the voltage regulator tap position in an unbalanced radial distribution system. An algorithm makes the initial selection, installation and tap position setting of the voltage regulators to provide a good voltage profile and to minimize power loss along the distribution network. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated on a test system of 25 bus unbalanced radial distribution systems.

SELECTION OF CONDUCTORS FOR OVERHEAD LINE DESIGN What are the guidelines to be considered in selecting conductors for overhead line design? Economically, conductors represent between 20 to 40% of the total cost of a line; consequently their selection is of prime importance. In earlier days of electrical power transmission, copper was mainly used as the material of overhead line conductors, however with the expansion of electricity networks, several factors, such as price, weight, availability and conductivity, have virtually compelled Overhead Line Design Engineers to concentrate on aluminium based conductors, eg. AAC = All Aluminium Conductor ACRS = All Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforcement AAAC = All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Steel conductors are still widely used as overhead earth wires and also as phase conductors on rural distribution lines, eg. SC/GZ = Galvanised Steel Conductor SC/AC = Aluminium Clad Steel Conductor Phase Conductors The conductors fulfil an electromec...

SELECTION OF INSULATORS FOR OVERHEAD LINE DESIGN What are the guidelines to be considered in selecting insulators for overhead line design? One of the most important and yet one of the most vulnerable links in transmission and distribution is insulators. Porcelain and toughened glass are the materials principally used for supporting conductors on overhead lines, and although these materials are relatively brittle and inelastic, they have proven service experience and are still widely used. The design of synthetic type insulators has improved both electrically and mechanically in recent times and they are being used in urban areas to minimise radio interference and in areas where gunshot or stone throwing is a problem. Insulator damage may occur due to such widely varying causes as lighting (puncture), power arcs, stone throwing, corrosion, gunshot and pollution. The following points must be considered in the selection of the appropriate insulation of an overhead line: • 50Hz perfor...

STEPS IN LAYOUTING DISTRIBUTION LINE IN OVERHEAD LINE DESIGN TUTORIALS How to design overhead line especially in lay-outing distribution line? The following steps are suggested as the approach to be followed in designing a line from scratch. With experience or by reference to the tables of common applications in the Design manual section “Pole Structures” many of these steps will not be required for jobs of a standard nature. 1. Determine conductor size and type based on planning requirements and application. 2. Determine the proposed stringing tension based on the situation eg. Urban, semi urban or rural. Consideration in this decision should be given to the difficulty of staying and frequency of angles required by route restrictions. 3. Determine the Limit state design wind pressure on conductors appropriate to the location (eg 900 or 1200 pa). 4. Determine strain/angle pole locations taking into account the deviation angle limits on pin insulators as per the table in the Desig...

OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LINE DESIGN GUIDELINES OVERVIEW What are the guidelines to be considered in designing overhead electrical lines? In order to minimise the risk of failure of an overhead line it is necessary to ensure that each component of an overhead line has been designed to meet all the electrical and mechanical loads likely to be experienced in service as far as reasonably practical. In order to achieve this, every line and every structure in that line could be individually designed to meet the project requirements. This would be extremely time consuming and is probably only justified for high value transmission lines. Another approach is to utilise a range of standard structures with pre-designed electrical and mechanical capabilities and apply them to a particular project. Selection of Insulators One of the most important and yet one of the most vulnerable links in transmission and distribution is insulators. Porcelain and toughened glass are the materia...

ELECTRIC INDUCTION MOTOR DESIGN: IEC MOTOR DESIGN LETTER GUIDE What are the motor design types that are provided by IEC? Motors covered by this IEC standard are classified by the following designs: Design N Normal torque three-phase cage induction motors intended for direct-online starting, having 2, 4, 6, or 8 poles and rated from 0.4 kW to 630 kW at frequencies of 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Design NY Motors similar to design N, but intended for star-delta starting. For these motors in star-connection, minimum values for Tl and TU of 25% of the values of design N may be expected. Design H High torque three-phase cage induction motors with 4, 6 or 8 poles, intended for Direct-online starting, and rated from 0.4 kW to 160 kW at a frequency of 60 Hz. Torques of IEC Design H are nearly identical to NEMA Design C. Design HY Motors similar to design H but intended for star-delta starting. For these motors in star-connection, minimum values for T1 and TU of 25% of the values of Design H...

ELECTRIC INDUCTION MOTOR DESIGN: NEMA MOTOR DESIGN LETTER GUIDE What are the motor design types that are provided by NEMA? NEMA Design Letter Changes in motor windings and rotor design will alter the performance characteristics of induction motors. Motors are designed with certain speed torque characteristics to match the speed torque requirements of the various loads. To obtain some uniformity in application, NEMA has designated specific designs of general purpose motors having specified locked rotor torque, breakdown torque, slip, starting current, or other values. The following graph shows the relationship between speed and torque that the motor produces from the moment of start until the motor reaches full load torque at rated speed. NEMA has established four different designs - A, B, C and D - for electrical induction motors. Different motors of the same nominal horsepower can have varying starting current, torque curves, speeds, and other variables. Selection of a particular...

ELECTRIC MOTOR MOUNTING USING NEMA DIMENSIONS TUTORIAL GUIDE What are the guidelines in mounting electric motors using NEMA? NEMA has standardized motor dimensions for a range of frame sizes. Standardized dimensions include bolt-hole size, mounting base dimensions, shaft height, shaft diameter, and shaft length. Use of standardized dimensions allows existing motors to be replaced without reworking the mounting arrangement. In addition, new installations are easier to design because the dimensions are known. NEMA divides standard frame sizes into two categories, fractional horsepower and integral horsepower. The most common frame sizes for fractional horsepower motors are 42, 48, and 56. Integral horsepower motors are designated by frame sizes 143 and above. A T in the motor frame size designation for an integral horsepower motor indicates that the motor is built to current NEMA frame standards. Motors that have a U in their motor frame size designation are built to NEMA standa...

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION FROM RUS BULLETIN 1724E-300 What is Substation Automation in the Electrical Power System? Substation automation is the use of state-of-the-art computers, communications, and networking equipment to optimize substation operations and to facilitate remote monitoring and control of substations cost effectively. Substation automation uses intelligent electronic devices in the substation to provide enhanced integrated and coordinated monitoring and control capabilities. Substation automation may include traditional SCADA equipment, but more often encompasses traditional SCADA functionality while providing extended monitoring and control capabilities through the use of non-traditional system elements. In the traditional SCADA system (legacy system), a host computer system (master station) located at the energy control center communicates with remote terminal units located in the substations. RTUs are traditionally “dumb” (non-intelligent) devices with very limited...

ETAP SOFTWARE REAL-TIME MONITORING WITH SCADA INTERFACE VIDEO TUTORIAL Video tutorial on how ETAP software is used for real-time monitoring In this video you will see how ETAP software is used for real-time monitoring of the system. Watch the video to understand more.

Law for penalizing the pilferage of electricity and theft of electric power transmission line, etc Section 1. Short Title. - This Act shall be referred to as the "Anti-electricity and Electric Transmission Lines/Materials Pilferage Act of 1994." Section 2. Illegal Use of Electricity. – It is hereby declared unlawful for any person, whether natural or juridical, public or private,

Authored by: R. F. Eaton and C. J. Kmiec ABSTRACT - As coaxial cables are used at ever higher frequencies in the Gigahertz range, cable losses become extremely important. Losses are functions of both Dk, dielectric constant, Df, tangent delta, of the polymer and the geometry of the cable construction. Control of the polymer architecture and additive package can reduce electrical losses in the cables fabricated from the polymer resulting in lower cable losses. Dk of a polymer is related a variety of chemical properties of the polymer: polarity, Tg, Tm etc. Df of a polymer is related to molecular motions of polar groups either along the polymer chain or the motion of polar molecules within the polymer matrix. We will discuss the Df contributions of the alpha, beta and gamma transition in polyethylene. Dk and Df are also functions of frequency and temperature.

Authored by: www.ep200.com Heat in the System Reducing heat in the electrical system is critical to improving power quality. Wire is the heart of the electrical distribution system. A typical facility can have tens of thousands of feet of wire throughout the facility and wire is a major source of heat. Heat prematurely degrades wire quality causing both energy losses and burnout of the wire.

(SCADA) COMMUNICATION AND CONTROL IN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS FREE EBOOK DOWNLOAD Authored by: M. Shahidehpour, Yaoyu Wang  The first extensive reference on these important techniques The restructuring of the electric utility industry has created the need for a mechanism that can effectively coordinate the various entities in a power market, enabling them to communicate efficiently and perform at an optimal level. Communication and Control in Electric Power Systems, the first resource to address its subject in an extended format, introduces parallel and distributed processing techniques as a compelling solution to this critical problem. Drawing on their years of experience in the industry, Mohammad Shahidehpour and Yaoyu Wang deliver comprehensive coverage of parallel and distributed processing techniques with a focus on power system optimization, control, and communication. The authors begin with theoretical background and an overview of the increasingly deregulated power marke...

SCADA SYSTEM CONTROL FREE MANUALS PDF GUIDE DOWNLOAD Various Scada System PDF guides downloads for everyone Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems, File : pdf, 842 KB, 94 pages TOC CHAPT 1. INTRODUCTION Purpose Scope References Currency CHAPT 2. FUNDAMENTALS OF CONTROL General control Discrete control Analog control Classes of analog controllers Control loops Types of controllers SCADA This document discusses the basics of SCADA systems. It serves as introduction for those who are not familiar with it, and as a reviewer for those who are already knowledgeable about the SCADA Systems. Data Acquisition System Design Selecting and building a DA&C (Data Acquisition and Control) system that actually ... control equipment by using pneumatic, hydraulic or electrical power SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION (SCADA) TECHNICAL MANUAL. SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA. ACQUISITION (SCADA) SYSTEMS. FOR C...

SECURING SCADA SYSTEM FREE EBOOK DOWNLOAD Authored by: Ronald L. Krutz ABOUT THE AUTHOR: RONALD L. KRUTZ, PhD, P. E., CISSP, ISSEP, is Senior Information Security Researcher for Lockheed Martin Information Technologies. He has worked with distributed computing systems, computer architectures, real-time systems, and information security for more than forty years. Dr. Krutz founded the Carnegie Mellon Research Institute Cybersecurity Center and is coauthor of the bestselling CISSP Prep Guide, also published by Wiley. Bestselling author Ron Krutz once again demonstrates his ability to make difficult security topics approachable with this first in-depth look at SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) systems Krutz discusses the harsh reality that natural gas pipelines, nuclear plants, water systems, oil refineries, and other industrial facilities are vulnerable to a terrorist or disgruntled employee causing lethal accidents and millions of dollars of damage-and what can be don...

PRACTICAL SCADA FOR INDUSTRY FREE EBOOK DOWNLOAD Authored by: David Bailey, Edwin Wright * Essential reading for data acquisition and control professionals as SCADA systems have permeated modern plants and factories * Covers the fundamentals of SCADA systems hardware, software and the communications systems that connect SCADA operator stations * Provides readers with the tools to design their next SCADA system more effectively and to draw on the latest technologies This is a comprehensive book covering the essentials of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. A SCADA system is a computer system for gathering and analyzing real time data. SCADA systems are used to monitor and control a plant or equipment in industries such as telecommunications, water and waste control, energy, oil and gas refining and transportation. This title covers the fundamentals of SCADA systems hardware, software and the communications systems (such as Ethernet and TCP/IP) that connect SC...

PRACTICAL MODERN SCADA PROTOCOLS: DNP3, 60870.5 AND RELATED SYSTEMS FREE EBOOK DOWNLOAD Authored by: Gordon R. Clarke, Deon Reynders, Edwin Wright (BSc.) SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems are at the heart of the modern industrial enterprise ranging from mining plants, water and electrical utility installations to oil and gas plants. In a market that is crowded with high-level monographs and reference guides, more practical information for professional engineers is required. This book covers the essentials of SCADA communication systems focussing on DNP3, the IEC 60870.5 standard and other new developments in this area. It commences with a brief review of the fundamentals of SCADA systems' hardware, software and the communications systems (such as RS-232, RS-485, Ethernet and TCP/IP) that connect the SCADA Modules together. A solid review is then done on the DNP3 and IEC 60870.5 protocols where its features, message structure, practical benefits and applica...

Authored by: Hari Kumar Naidu and K.Thanushkodi ABSTRACT- The IT revolution has encompassed within its realm the electrical power sectorby the application of Intelligence in Metering, Protection, Monitoring andControl.The amalgamation of communication and IT has made it possible for aReal time IT systems to monitor and control, from a central place, by SCADAfor the operation of Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution.A hierarchical structure exists in the transmission and distribution ofpower since the power is received at a high voltage level in a substation anddelivered to a load center through another substation at reduced voltage level.These substations are being transformed from hardwired configurations to anetworked platform by leveraging the technological advancements. Thetechnological transformations have brought within its purview ComprehensiveAutomation of Substation.This paper brings out the current trend in communication & systems inSubstation Automation...

SCADA SYSTEM CYBER SECURITY – A COMPARISON OF STANDARDS TECHNICAL PAPER Authored by: Teodor Sommestad, Göran N. Ericsson, Senior Member, IEEE, Jakob Nordlander ABSTRACT - Cyber security of Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems has become very important. SCADA systems are vital for operation and control of critical infrastructures, such as the electrical power system. Therefore, a number of standards and guidelines have been developed to support electric power utilities in their cyber security efforts. This paper compares different SCADA cyber security standards and guidelines with respect to threats and countermeasures they describe. Also, a comparison with the international standard ISO/IEC 17799 (now ISO/IEC 27002) is made. The method used is based on a comparison of use of certain key issues in the standards, after being grouped into different categories. The occurrences of the key issues are counted and comparisons are made. It is concluded that SCADA specific ...

(SCADA APPLICATION) REAL TIME DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS FOR ELECTRIC UTILITIES TECHNICAL PAPER Authored by: Jim See, Wayne Carr, P.E., Member, IEEE, and Steven E. Collier, Member, IEEE ABSTRACT — Electric utilities are finding it increasingly necessary to better monitor, analyze and control their distribution systems. Planning and operation of the grid is increasing in complexity on one hand but subject to ever more binding constraints on the other. Real-time analysis is being seen as necessary to achieve acceptable operational efficiencies and quality of service. Real-time analysis is the combination of computerized circuit analysis with measured real-time inputs (voltage and current into the grid) and outputs (customer consumption) to determine the actual and likely near-term voltages and power flows throughout the transmission and distribution grid. With appropriate analytical tools, display options, and control systems, real-time analysis will allow utilities to actively manage the g...

SCADA SYSTEM SECURITY ISSUES What are some of the security issues that scada system has? (source: Wikipedia) The move from proprietary technologies to more standardized and open solutions together with the increased number of connections between SCADA systems and office networks and the Internet has made them more vulnerable to attacks—see references. Consequently, the security of some SCADA-based systems has come into question as they are seen as potentially vulnerable to cyber-attacks. In particular, security researchers are concerned about: • the lack of concern about security and authentication in the design, deployment and operation of some existing SCADA networks • the belief that SCADA systems have the benefit of security through obscurity through the use of specialized protocols and proprietary interfaces • the belief that SCADA networks are secure because they are physically secured • the belief that SCADA networks are secure because they are disconn...